The correct option is (b) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The movement of water within the Earth's system is governed by the Hydrological Cycle. This cycle involves the continuous exchange of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. The specific direction of water movement-whether from the surface to the atmosphere or vice versa-determines the role of each process.
Analysis of the Processes:
- 1. Condensation (Incorrect): Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air changes into liquid water. This typically occurs in the atmosphere to form clouds or near the ground to form dew or fog. It represents a phase change within the atmosphere or a transition towards precipitation, not a transfer from the surface to the atmosphere.
- 2. Transpiration (Correct): Transpiration is the biological process through which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through stomata in their leaves. This effectively transfers water from the soil (surface) into the air.
- 3. Evaporation (Correct): Evaporation is the physical process by which liquid water from oceans, lakes, and soil changes into water vapor. This is the primary mechanism for transferring water from the Earth's surface into the atmosphere.
- 4. Precipitation (Incorrect): Precipitation refers to water released from clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or hail. This process transfers water from the atmosphere back to the Earth's surface.
Key Takeaway:
Evaporation and Transpiration (collectively termed Evapotranspiration) add moisture to the atmosphere from the surface, whereas Precipitation returns moisture to the surface.