Explanation
The correct option is Heavy Machinery : Forest-based
Industries are classified based on the source of their raw materials into four primary categories: Agro-based, Mineral-based, Marine-based, and Forest-based. This classification is determined by the origin of the inputs used in the manufacturing process.
Analysis of Options
- (a) Pharmaceuticals : Forest-based (Correctly Matched) – Many pharmaceutical units rely on medicinal herbs, roots, and plants collected from forests (e.g., quinine from cinchona bark) as essential raw materials.
- (b) Leather Industry : Agro-based (Correctly Matched) – Agro-based industries utilize plant and animal-based products. Leather is derived from the hides and skins of livestock, linking it directly to the agricultural and allied sectors.
- (c) Fish oil manufacturing : Marine-based (Correctly Matched) – Marine-based industries process products obtained from seas and oceans. Fish oil is a direct product of marine resources.
- (d) Heavy Machinery : Forest-based (Incorrectly Matched) – Heavy machinery is a Mineral-based industry. It relies on mineral ores and metals, primarily iron and steel, as raw materials. Forest-based industries utilize forest produce like wood, pulp, and natural gums, not metals.
Key Takeaway
Heavy machinery industries are Mineral-based because they depend on metal ores (like iron ore) as raw materials, whereas Forest-based industries rely on biological resources like timber, pulp, and medicinal plants.