The correct option is
1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation
The Bhakti movement and the development of Indian philosophy were driven by various saints and thinkers across different regions of the subcontinent. These figures played a crucial role in shaping regional cultures, languages, and religious practices through their teachings and compositions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Pair 1 is Correct: Shankara (Adi Shankaracharya), one of the most influential philosophers of India, was born in Kaladi, Kerala in the 8th century. He propounded the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta (Non-dualism) and established four mathas in the four corners of India to spread his teachings.
- Pair 2 is Correct: Ramanuja, the chief proponent of Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-dualism), was born in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu in the 11th century. He was a prominent figure in the Sri Vaishnava tradition and emphasized devotion to Vishnu as the path to salvation.
- Pair 3 is Correct: Basavanna was a 12th-century statesman, philosopher, and social reformer in Karnataka. He is the founding figure of the Virashaiva (Lingayat) movement. His teachings, expressed through Vachanas (poetry), challenged the caste system and ritual orthodoxy.
- Pair 4 is Correct: Chaitanyadeva (Chaitanya Mahaprabhu) was a 15th-century saint and social reformer from Nadiya, Bengal. He was a devotee of Lord Krishna and popularized the Sankirtana (congregational chanting) tradition. He is the central figure of Gaudiya Vaishnavism.
Key Takeaway:
The geographical distribution of major Bhakti and philosophical leaders is distinct: Shankara (Kerala), Ramanuja (Tamil Nadu), Basavanna (Karnataka), and Chaitanyadeva (Bengal).