The correct option is (a).
Explanation
During the medieval period, religious groups such as the Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas, and Yogis emerged as significant critics of conventional ritualistic religion and the social order. They advocated for asceticism and logical arguments against orthodox practices.Statement 1 is Correct: These groups advocated the renunciation of the world. They believed that detaching oneself from worldly affairs was essential for spiritual progress.
Statement 2 is Correct: They believed that salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realization of oneness with it. This aligns with the Nirguna school of thought, which focuses on an abstract, formless God.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: They did not reject physical practices. On the contrary, they advocated intense training of the mind and body through practices like yogasanas, breathing exercises, and meditation. They believed these physical disciplines were necessary to prepare the body and mind for spiritual realization.
Statement 4 is Incorrect: These groups were particularly popular among the "low" castes, not the upper castes. Their criticism of the authority of the Vedas and the caste hierarchy resonated strongly with marginalized sections of society in northern India.
Key Takeaway: The Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis were ascetic movements popular among lower castes that emphasized Hatha Yoga and meditation on the formless reality, serving as a precursor to the Nirguna Bhakti saints like Kabir.