The correct option is Permanent settlement in highlands.
Explanation
Transhumance is a specialized form of pastoralism that involves the seasonal migration of livestock between different grazing grounds. It is typically driven by climatic conditions and the availability of pasture, characterized by vertical movement between higher altitudes and lower valleys.
Option Analysis
- Permanent settlement in highlands is the correct answer (as it is not a characteristic): Transhumance is inherently mobile and migratory. It does not involve permanent settlement in highlands. Instead, herders occupy highland pastures temporarily during the summer months and migrate to lower elevations during the winter to avoid harsh cold and snow.
- Seasonal movement between lowlands and highlands is a characteristic: The core definition of transhumance is the seasonal movement between lowlands (winter pastures) and highlands (summer pastures).
- Practised by Gujjars and Bakarwals is a characteristic: In the Indian context, tribes such as the Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis, and Bhotiyas in the Himalayan region are classic examples of communities practicing transhumance.
- Livestock herding across altitudes is a characteristic: The practice is defined by livestock herding across varying altitudes to optimize the use of natural vegetation cycles.
Key Takeaway: Transhumance is the seasonal, vertical migration of herders and livestock between mountains (summer) and valleys (winter), distinct from sedentary agriculture or permanent settlement.