Correct Option
The correct option is Perennial flow of water.
Explanation
The Peninsular drainage system is geologically older than the Himalayan system. These rivers have reached a mature stage of evolution, flowing through stable, hard rock structures. Their characteristics are distinct from the youthful, unstable, and perennial Himalayan rivers.
Option Analysis
- Fixed course is a characteristic: Peninsular rivers flow through hard rocky beds and rigid rift valleys. Consequently, they have fixed courses and do not shift their paths frequently, unlike the volatile Himalayan rivers (e.g., the Kosi).
- Absence of meanders is a characteristic: Due to the hard lithology and the mature stage of the rivers, they engage in minimal vertical erosion. Therefore, there is a distinct absence of meanders in their courses.
- Perennial flow of water is NOT a characteristic: Peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature because their flow is entirely dependent on rainfall (monsoon). During the dry season, even large rivers experience significantly reduced flow. In contrast, Himalayan rivers are perennial as they are fed by melting glaciers and snow.
- Broad, largely-graded shallow valleys is a characteristic: These rivers are old and have largely reached their base level of erosion. They flow through broad, largely-graded shallow valleys, unlike the deep V-shaped valleys and gorges found in the Himalayas.
Key Takeaway
Peninsular rivers are characterized by a seasonal regime (rain-fed), fixed courses, absence of meanders, and broad, shallow valleys, reflecting their mature stage of development.