Correct Option
The correct option is Parthenium hysterophorus.
Explanation
Invasive alien species are non-native organisms that are introduced, accidentally or intentionally, into a new ecosystem where they spread rapidly, outcompeting native species and causing ecological or economic harm. In India, several plant species have become invasive, threatening local biodiversity.
Option Analysis
- Parthenium hysterophorus: Correct. Parthenium hysterophorus, commonly known as Carrot Grass or Congress Grass, is a notorious invasive weed native to the American tropics. It is believed to have entered India accidentally in the 1950s with imported wheat (PL-480). It spreads aggressively, suppresses native vegetation, affects crop production, and causes health issues such as dermatitis and respiratory allergies in humans and livestock.
- Prosopis cineraria: Incorrect. Prosopis cineraria, known locally as Khejri, is a tree native to the arid regions of Western India (Rajasthan). It is a keystone species in the desert ecosystem, providing fodder and stabilizing sand dunes. It should not be confused with Prosopis juliflora (Vilayati Babul), which is an invasive species.
- Ficus religiosa: Incorrect. Ficus religiosa, commonly known as the Peepal tree, is native to the Indian subcontinent. It holds significant ecological value and is culturally revered in India.
- Cedrus deodara: Incorrect. Cedrus deodara, or the Deodar Cedar, is a species of cedar native to the western Himalayas. It is an important timber tree and an integral part of the Himalayan forest ecosystem.
Key Takeaway: Parthenium hysterophorus is a major invasive weed in India that threatens biodiversity and human health. It is distinct from native species like Prosopis cineraria (Khejri) and Cedrus deodara.