Correct Option
The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
Arikamedu (near Puducherry) was a significant coastal settlement and trade centre during the Early Historic period. It functioned as a major port for Indo-Roman trade. Archaeological excavations, notably by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, have revealed distinct structures and artifacts that provide evidence of specific industrial activities geared towards export.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Excavations at Arikamedu revealed brick structures identified as dyeing vats. These small tanks were used to dye cloth, indicating that textile manufacturing and processing was a key industrial activity at the site, likely for exporting muslin and other fabrics to the Roman world.
- Statement 2 is Correct: There is substantial archaeological evidence of bead making at the site. Finds include beads made from semi-precious stones (such as agate, carnelian, and quartz) and glass, along with raw materials and waste flakes. This suggests that Arikamedu was a production centre where raw materials were processed into finished goods for trade.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While iron implements have been found at various megalithic and early historic sites, large iron smelting furnaces are not the defining industrial characteristic of Arikamedu. The site is primarily distinguished by its warehouse, dyeing vats, and bead-making workshops. The industrial profile of Arikamedu is dominated by textile and gem/glass processing rather than heavy metallurgy.
Key Takeaway: Arikamedu is archaeologically renowned for its dyeing vats and bead-making industry, which supported its role as a hub in the Indo-Roman trade network.