The correct option is Australia.
Explanation
Federations are generally formed through two distinct historical routes: "Coming Together" and "Holding Together." This classification defines the origin of the federation and the balance of power between the central authority and the constituent units.
- Coming Together Federations: This route involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit. By pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they aim to increase their security. In this category, all the constituent states usually possess equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
- Holding Together Federations: This route occurs when a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. In this system, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the states, and constituent units may sometimes have unequal powers.
Analysis of Options:
- Australia: Along with the United States of America and Switzerland, Australia is a classic example of a "Coming Together" federation.
- India, Belgium, and Spain: These are examples of "Holding Together" federations, where a single unified polity devolved powers to regional units to accommodate diversity or administrative requirements.
Key Takeaway: "Coming Together" federations (e.g., USA, Australia, Switzerland) originate from independent entities uniting, whereas "Holding Together" federations (e.g., India, Spain, Belgium) originate from the division of power within a single entity.