Correct Option
The correct option is Belgium.
Explanation
Federations are historically formed through two distinct routes: "Coming Together" and "Holding Together." This classification determines the balance of power between the central authority and the constituent units.
Analysis of Federation Types
- Coming Together Federations: In this model, independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit. By pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they increase their security. In this category, all constituent states usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
- Examples: United States of America, Switzerland, and Australia.
- Holding Together Federations: In this model, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. Here, the central government tends to be more powerful than the states.
- Examples: India, Spain, and Belgium.
Since Belgium falls under the category where a unitary system was transformed into a federation to accommodate regional diversity (dividing power), it is a "Holding Together" federation.
Key Takeaway
"Coming Together" federations (e.g., USA) involve independent states merging, whereas "Holding Together" federations (e.g., India, Belgium) involve a central authority devolving power to constituent units.