The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme establishes the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) to promote sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. While the Government of India has designated 18 Biosphere Reserves domestically, only a specific subset of these has been recognized and included under the UNESCO WNBR.
Statement-wise Analysis
- 1. Sundarbans: Correct. The Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (West Bengal) was included in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2001. It is globally renowned for its mangrove ecosystem and the Royal Bengal Tiger.
- 2. Nanda Devi: Correct. The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand) was recognized under the WNBR in 2004. It includes the Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks.
- 3. Gulf of Mannar: Correct. Located in Tamil Nadu, the Gulf of Mannar was included in the WNBR in 2001. It is significant for its marine biodiversity, including coral reefs and the Dugong (sea cow).
- 4. Manas: Incorrect. Manas (Assam) is a designated Biosphere Reserve by the Government of India and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, it is not included in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Key Takeaway
Out of 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, 12 are currently part of the UNESCO WNBR: Nilgiri, Gulf of Mannar, Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, Nokrek, Pachmarhi, Similipal, Great Nicobar, Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Agasthyamalai, Khangchendzonga, and Panna.