The correct option is Special majority in Parliament and ratification by half of the State Legislatures..
Explanation
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution prescribes the procedure for amending the Constitution. While certain provisions can be amended by a simple majority (falling outside the scope of Article 368), provisions that fundamentally alter the federal structure require a more rigid process to ensure that the balance of power between the Centre and the States is not unilaterally disturbed by Parliament.
Analysis of the Procedure:
- Federal Provisions: The distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States is contained in the Seventh Schedule. This is a core federal feature.
- Constitutional Requirement (Article 368): To amend provisions related to the federal structure (such as the 7th Schedule, the election of the President, the extent of executive power of the Union and States, and representation of States in Parliament), the Constitution mandates:
- Special Majority in Parliament: A majority of the total membership of each House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting.
- Ratification by States: The amendment must also be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States by a simple majority.
Evaluation of Incorrect Options:
- Simple majority in the Lok Sabha. is incorrect: A simple majority in Parliament is used for provisions such as the admission or establishment of new states, abolition of Legislative Councils, and citizenship matters. It is not sufficient for amending federal features.
- Two-thirds majority in both Houses of Parliament only. is incorrect: A special majority in Parliament (without state ratification) applies to provisions like Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, which do not directly impact the federal distribution of powers.
- Approval by the President upon Supreme Court recommendation. is incorrect: The Constitution does not provide for an amendment procedure based on Presidential approval upon Supreme Court recommendation. The power to initiate amendments lies with the Parliament.
Key Takeaway: Any amendment to the Seventh Schedule or the distribution of powers is a federal matter and strictly requires a Special Majority in Parliament followed by ratification by at least 50% of the State Legislatures.