The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The Right against Exploitation is enshrined in Articles 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution. These provisions aim to protect individuals from severe forms of exploitation by the State or private entities, specifically focusing on human trafficking, forced labour, and child labour.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Article 23 explicitly prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (work without remuneration), and other similar forms of forced labour. Any contravention of this provision is a punishable offence.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine, or other hazardous activities. This is an absolute prohibition designed to protect the rights and health of children.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Supreme Court, in the landmark case People's Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India (1982), interpreted the scope of Article 23 broadly. The Court held that "force" includes compulsion arising from economic circumstances. Consequently, if a person is compelled to work for wages less than the minimum wage, it constitutes "forced labour." Therefore, the payment of low wages (below minimum wage) is prohibited under the Right against Exploitation.
Key Takeaway:
The Right against Exploitation prohibits human trafficking, forced labour, and hazardous child employment. Judicial interpretation has expanded "forced labour" to include labour provided for remuneration less than the prescribed minimum wage due to economic compulsion.