Ramanuja
Explanation
The development of Indian philosophy during the medieval period saw the emergence of various schools of Vedanta, primarily focusing on the relationship between the individual soul (Atman) and the Supreme Reality (Brahman). These schools provided the philosophical basis for the Bhakti movement.
Analysis of Options:
- Ramanuja (Correct): A prominent Bhakti saint and philosopher from the 11th century, Ramanuja propounded the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-dualism). He argued that the soul, even when united with the Supreme God, remains distinct. According to this philosophy, Brahman is the ultimate reality, but the world and individual souls are also real and form the body of Brahman.
- Shankara: An 8th-century philosopher who propounded the doctrine of Advaita (Non-dualism). He taught that the individual soul and Brahman are identical and that the material world is an illusion (Maya).
- Basavanna: A 12th-century statesman and philosopher who led the Virashaiva movement (Lingayatism) in Karnataka. He emphasized social equality and devotion to Shiva but is not the proponent of Vishishtadvaita.
- Madhvacharya: A 13th-century philosopher who propounded the doctrine of Dvaita (Dualism). He posited that the world and God are eternally distinct entities.
Key Takeaway:
Vishishtadvaita is associated with Ramanuja, whereas Advaita is associated with Shankara, and Dvaita is associated with Madhvacharya.