Brick
Explanation
The period of the Second Urbanisation (c. 6th century BCE onwards) in the Ganga Valley is characterized by the emergence of the Mahajanapadas and the development of fortified capital cities. The construction materials used for these fortifications varied based on regional resources and technological advancements.
Analysis:
- Kaushambi (Capital of Vatsa): Archaeological excavations, particularly those led by G.R. Sharma, revealed a massive fortification system at Kaushambi. The defining feature of this fortification is the extensive use of burnt bricks. While the core of the rampart was made of mud, it was heavily revetted (faced) with a massive burnt brick wall, which is considered one of the earliest and most significant examples of brick architecture in ancient India.
- Comparison with other sites:
- Rajgir (Magadha): Known for its Cyclopean wall constructed primarily of Stone.
- Pataliputra (Magadha): Famous for its wooden palisades, described by Megasthenes, indicating a primary use of Wood.
- Ujjain (Avanti): Known for its massive Mud ramparts.
Key Takeaway:
In the context of ancient Indian fortifications, Kaushambi is distinctively associated with the use of burnt brick, whereas Rajgir is associated with stone and Pataliputra with wood.