The correct option is Overcome adverse interpretations of the Constitution by the Judiciary.
Explanation
The period between 1970 and 1975 in Indian constitutional history was characterized by an intense institutional conflict between the Parliament and the Judiciary. This era witnessed a series of constitutional amendments enacted by the Parliament to assert its supremacy and override judicial pronouncements that struck down government policies or restricted the amending power.
Detailed
- Overcome adverse interpretations of the Constitution by the Judiciary. is Correct: During this period, the Supreme Court delivered several landmark judgments that limited the Parliament's power. The government responded with amendments to nullify these rulings:
- The 24th Amendment Act (1971) was enacted to overcome the Golaknath case (1967), which held that Parliament could not curtail Fundamental Rights.
- The 25th Amendment Act (1971) was introduced to overcome the R.C. Cooper case (Bank Nationalisation case) regarding property rights and compensation.
- The 26th Amendment Act (1971) was passed to nullify the Supreme Court's decision in the Privy Purses case (Madhav Rao Scindia case).
- The 39th Amendment (1975) was enacted to negate the Allahabad High Court judgment which had invalidated the Prime Minister's election.
- Implement the recommendations of the Venkatachaliah Commission. is Incorrect: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC), chaired by Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah, was set up much later in the year 2000.
- Facilitate the formation of coalition governments. is Incorrect: The period 1970-1975 was marked by the single-party dominance of the Indian National Congress. The era of unstable coalition governments at the Centre became prominent primarily after 1989.
- Introduce the Goods and Services Tax (GST). is Incorrect: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act in 2016, decades after the period in question.
Key Takeaway: The amendments of the early 1970s were primarily legislative tools used to re-establish Parliamentary Sovereignty in response to the Judiciary's assertion of Judicial Review and the protection of Fundamental Rights.