Correct Option
The correct option is (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
The drainage system of Peninsular India is largely east-flowing due to the general tilt of the plateau. However, numerous rivers flow westwards into the Arabian Sea.
- Major West-Flowing Rivers: Narmada and Tapi (flowing through rift valleys).
- Smaller West-Flowing Rivers: These include rivers originating in the Aravallis, Vindhyas, and the Western Ghats. They are characterized by short courses due to the proximity of the drainage divide (Western Ghats) to the sea or the limited catchment area in Gujarat.
Statement-wise Analysis
The west-flowing rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. While the preamble specifically highlights the "narrow coastal plains" of the Western Ghats, standard classification groups the following rivers under the category of smaller west-flowing rivers:
- 1. Sabarmati (Correct): Originates in the Aravalli Range (Rajasthan) and flows through Gujarat into the Gulf of Khambhat. It is one of the significant west-flowing rivers of the Gujarat plains.
- 2. Mahi (Correct): Originates in the Vindhya Range (Madhya Pradesh), flows through Rajasthan and Gujarat, and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat. It is distinct for cutting the Tropic of Cancer twice.
- 3. Bharathpuzha (Correct): Also known as the Ponnani, it originates in the Anaimalai hills (Western Ghats). It is the largest river of Kerala and flows westwards into the Arabian Sea. It represents the typical short, swift-flowing rivers of the narrow coastal plain.
- 4. Periyar (Correct): Originates in the Sivagiri hills (Western Ghats). It is the second-largest river of Kerala and a crucial lifeline for the state, flowing west into the Arabian Sea.
Although Sabarmati and Mahi flow through the wider plains of Gujarat compared to the narrow strips of Kerala, they are collectively categorized as west-flowing coastal rivers in the context of Peninsular drainage, distinct from the extensive east-flowing systems.
Key Takeaway
West-Flowing Rivers of India:
- Gujarat: Shetrunji, Bhadra, Dhadhar, Sabarmati, Mahi.
- Maharashtra/Goa: Vaitarna, Mandovi, Zuari.
- Karnataka: Kalinadi, Sharavati (Jog Falls).
- Kerala: Bharathpuzha (Longest), Periyar (Second longest), Pamba.