The correct option is Anti-defection..
Explanation
The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, was enacted to limit the size of the Council of Ministers, debar defectors from holding public offices, and strengthen the Anti-Defection Law contained in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.
Detailed Analysis
- Anti-defection. is Correct: The 91st Amendment Act made significant changes to the Anti-Defection Law:
- It omitted the provision in the Tenth Schedule that provided an exemption from disqualification in the case of a "split" by one-third of the members of the legislature party. Consequently, defectors can no longer claim protection on the grounds of a split.
- It mandated that a member of either House of Parliament or a State Legislature belonging to any political party who is disqualified on the ground of defection shall also be disqualified to be appointed as a Minister.
- It limited the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister (or Chief Minister), in the Council of Ministers to 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (or the Legislative Assembly of the State).
- Voting age. is Incorrect: The voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years by the 61st Amendment Act, 1989.
- GST. is Incorrect: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced by the 101st Amendment Act, 2016.
- Education. is Incorrect: The Right to Education (Article 21A) was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
Key Takeaway: The 91st Amendment Act, 2003, restricts the size of the Council of Ministers to 15% of the lower house's strength and removes the "split" provision (one-third members) as a defense against disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law.