The correct option is Amendment through political consensus.
Explanation
Amendments to the Indian Constitution are often categorized based on the political context of their enactment. While some amendments have been controversial or technical in nature, others have emerged from a broad agreement among political parties to address systemic issues. This category is known as amendments through political consensus.
Analysis of the 91st Amendment Act
- The 91st Amendment Act, 2003, was enacted to limit the size of the Council of Ministers and strengthen the Anti-Defection Law (originally introduced by the 52nd Amendment).
- It stipulated that the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister (at the Centre) or the Chief Minister (in the States), shall not exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assembly, respectively.
- This amendment was a result of political consensus. During the era of coalition politics, "jumbo cabinets" were frequently formed to appease defectors and coalition partners, leading to a drain on the public exchequer and political instability.
- Political parties across the spectrum agreed that legislative measures were necessary to curb these practices. Consequently, the amendment was passed with broad support, distinguishing it from controversial amendments (such as the 38th or 42nd Amendments) or purely administrative ones.
Key Takeaway
The 91st Amendment Act (2003) is cited as a prime example of an amendment resulting from political consensus, aimed at limiting the size of the Council of Ministers and tightening anti-defection norms to ensure political stability.