Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The relationship between species richness and ecosystem stability has been established through long-term ecosystem experiments, notably by ecologist David Tilman. These studies demonstrate that biodiversity is critical for the maintenance of ecosystem productivity, stability, and resilience against disturbances.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Ecosystems with higher species diversity generally exhibit higher productivity compared to those with fewer species. Consequently, the loss of biodiversity is associated with a decline in plant production (biomass).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: A stable biological community must be resistant to occasional disturbances, whether natural or man-made. Biodiversity enhances this stability. Therefore, the loss of biodiversity leads to decreased resistance to environmental perturbations (such as drought), rather than increased resistance.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Biodiversity ensures the stability of ecosystem functions. When biodiversity is lost, the ecosystem becomes less stable, leading to increased variability in certain ecosystem processes such as plant productivity, water use, and pest and disease cycles.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: Loss of biodiversity results in reduced ecosystem productivity, lowered resistance to environmental disturbances, and higher variability in ecosystem processes.