The correct option is Kesavananda Bharati Case..
Explanation
The Basic Structure doctrine is a judicial principle developed by the Supreme Court of India, which asserts that the Parliament cannot alter or destroy certain fundamental features of the Constitution while exercising its amendment powers under Article 368.
Analysis of the Options:
- Kesavananda Bharati Case. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): Correct. In this landmark judgment, a 13-judge bench of the Supreme Court overruled the Golaknath judgment. It held that while Parliament has the power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights, this power is not absolute. It cannot be used to alter the "Basic Structure" of the Constitution. This case is the origin of the doctrine.
- Golaknath Case. Golaknath Case (1967): Incorrect. In I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab, the Supreme Court ruled that Fundamental Rights were "transcendental and immutable" and that Parliament did not have the power to abridge or take them away. This case restricted amendment power but did not formulate the Basic Structure doctrine.
- Minerva Mills Case. Minerva Mills Case (1980): Incorrect. This case reinforced and evolved the Basic Structure doctrine. The Supreme Court struck down clauses of the 42nd Amendment that attempted to give Parliament unlimited constituent power and exclude judicial review. It held that the limited amending power of Parliament and judicial review are themselves part of the basic structure.
- Maneka Gandhi Case. Maneka Gandhi Case (1978): Incorrect. This case is significant for expanding the interpretation of Article 21. It established that the "procedure established by law" must be "fair, just, and reasonable," effectively introducing the concept of substantive due process. It is not related to the establishment of the Basic Structure doctrine.
Key Takeaway:
The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) is the specific judicial milestone where the Supreme Court propounded the Basic Structure doctrine, thereby placing an implied limitation on the amending powers of the Parliament under Article 368.