NCERT Class 11 Geography — Chapter 2: Movements of Ocean Water

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In the low and middle latitudes, cold ocean currents are typically observed on the:

Official previous-year question

Verified 1 Aug 2026.

Options

ASouthern margins of continents
BEast coasts of continents
CNorthern margins of continents
DWest coasts of continents

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Solution

Correct Option

The correct option is West coasts of continents.

Explanation

Ocean circulation in the low and middle latitudes (subtropical regions) is dominated by large systems of rotating currents known as subtropical gyres. These gyres are driven by planetary winds (Trade Winds and Westerlies) and the Coriolis force. The direction of flow within these gyres determines the temperature characteristics of currents along continental margins.

Detailed Analysis

The distribution of cold and warm currents in the low and middle latitudes follows a distinct pattern due to the rotation of subtropical gyres:

Circulation Pattern: Subtropical gyres rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
West Coasts of Continents: On the eastern side of the ocean basins (which corresponds to the west coasts of continents), the gyre circulation brings water from higher latitudes (polar regions) towards the equator. Consequently, these currents are cold.
Role of Upwelling: In these latitudes, Trade Winds often blow offshore (from land to sea) on the western margins of continents. This movement pushes warm surface water away from the coast, allowing colder, nutrient-rich water from the depths to rise to the surface (upwelling), further reinforcing the cold nature of these currents.
Examples of Cold Currents on West Coasts:
- California Current: West coast of North America.
- Canary Current: West coast of North Africa.
- Peru (Humboldt) Current: West coast of South America.
- Benguela Current: West coast of Southern Africa.
- West Australian Current: West coast of Australia.
Contrast with East Coasts: On the east coasts of continents (western side of ocean basins), currents flow from the equator towards the poles, carrying warm water (e.g., Gulf Stream, Brazil Current, Kuroshio Current).

Key Takeaway: In low and middle latitudes, cold ocean currents are typically found on the west coasts of continents due to the equatorward flow of subtropical gyres and the phenomenon of coastal upwelling.

Your note

More from Chapter 2: Movements of Ocean Water

Consider the following factors: 1. The shape of bays and estuaries has no influence on the magnitude of tides. 2. Presence of wide continental shelves. 3. Presence of mid-oceanic islands. Which of the above factors can influence the height or magnitude of tidal bulges?

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Which of the following best describes the general movement of warm ocean currents?

easy

With reference to the movements of ocean water, consider the following statements: 1. Ocean currents represent the horizontal motion of water while tides represent the vertical motion. 2. In waves, the water moves ahead from one place to another along with the wave train. 3. The upwelling of cold water from the subsurface is a form of horizontal motion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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Consider the following statements regarding the characteristics of ocean waves: 1. The largest waves are typically found in open oceans rather than enclosed seas. 2. Steep waves are generally old and originate from far away places. 3. Slow and steady waves usually originate from far away places. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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The maximum height of a wave is determined by which of the following factors? 1. The strength of the wind has no role in determining wave height. 2. The duration for which the wind blows. 3. The area over which the wind blows in a single direction. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

easy

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Correct Option

The correct option is West coasts of continents.

Explanation

Detailed Analysis

The distribution of cold and warm currents in the low and middle latitudes follows a distinct pattern due to the rotation of subtropical gyres:

Circulation Pattern: Subtropical gyres rotate clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
West Coasts of Continents: On the eastern side of the ocean basins (which corresponds to the west coasts of continents), the gyre circulation brings water from higher latitudes (polar regions) towards the equator. Consequently, these currents are cold.
Role of Upwelling: In these latitudes, Trade Winds often blow offshore (from land to sea) on the western margins of continents. This movement pushes warm surface water away from the coast, allowing colder, nutrient-rich water from the depths to rise to the surface (upwelling), further reinforcing the cold nature of these currents.
Examples of Cold Currents on West Coasts:
- California Current: West coast of North America.
- Canary Current: West coast of North Africa.
- Peru (Humboldt) Current: West coast of South America.
- Benguela Current: West coast of Southern Africa.
- West Australian Current: West coast of Australia.
Contrast with East Coasts: On the east coasts of continents (western side of ocean basins), currents flow from the equator towards the poles, carrying warm water (e.g., Gulf Stream, Brazil Current, Kuroshio Current).