Special slaves purchased for military service.
Explanation
The administrative structure of the Delhi Sultanate relied heavily on the Persian tradition of governance. A key feature of this system, particularly during the early Sultanate period (Ilbari dynasty), was the reliance on a specific class of individuals for consolidating power and maintaining loyalty within the state apparatus.
Detailed Analysis
- Origin and Meaning: The term Bandagan is the Persian plural for Banda, meaning slave. In the context of the Delhi Sultanate, it specifically referred to special slaves purchased for military service.
- Role and Training: These slaves were carefully trained to handle significant political and military responsibilities. Since they were totally dependent on their master (the Sultan), they were considered more trustworthy and loyal than landed aristocrats or even the Sultan's own sons.
- Historical Context: The practice was notably consolidated by Sultan Iltutmish. These slaves often rose to high positions, becoming governors and generals. This system continued under the Khaljis and Tughlaqs, allowing men of humble birth to occupy high offices, though this often led to political instability due to conflicts with the traditional nobility.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Landed chieftains who paid tribute. Landed chieftains: These were typically referred to as Rais, Ranas, or Samantas, who controlled local territories and paid tribute.
- The royal bodyguards of the Sultan. Royal bodyguards: While Bandagan served the Sultan, the specific term for the royal bodyguards was usually Jandars (e.g., Sar-i-Jandar). Bandagan is a broader category of military slaves.
- Revenue collectors in the provinces. Revenue collectors: Revenue officials were known by titles such as Amil, Muqti, or Wali (in the context of Iqta administration), not specifically as Bandagan, although a Banda could hold such a post.
Key Takeaway: Bandagan were special military slaves in the Delhi Sultanate, valued for their loyalty and trained to hold high administrative and military offices, distinct from hereditary nobles or landed chieftains.