The correct option is Some units may be granted special powers..
Explanation
Federations are generally classified into two categories based on their formation: "Coming Together" federations (e.g., USA, Australia) and "Holding Together" federations (e.g., India, Spain, Belgium). In a "Holding Together" federation, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the National Government to accommodate diversity while maintaining unity.
Analysis of Options:
- Some units may be granted special powers. is Correct: A distinct feature of "Holding Together" federations is the absence of identical powers among constituent units. To manage social, cultural, or historical diversities, the Constitution may grant special powers to certain units. This is known as asymmetric federalism. For instance, in India, special provisions exist for various states under Articles 371 to 371J.
- They always have identical powers. is Incorrect: Constituent units do not always have identical powers. While "Coming Together" federations typically treat all states equally, "Holding Together" federations often differentiate powers based on specific local needs.
- They are more powerful than the Centre. is Incorrect: In this model, the Central Government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the States, unlike "Coming Together" federations where states often retain greater autonomy relative to the federal government.
- They have the right to secede. is Incorrect: Constituent units in a "Holding Together" federation generally do not have the right to secede. The federation is often described as an indestructible union of destructible states.
Key Takeaway:
"Holding Together" federations are characterized by a strong Centre and asymmetric federalism, where unequal powers are distributed among states to accommodate specific regional diversities.