The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Varna system was a social stratification mechanism that crystallized during the Later Vedic period. It divided society into four distinct hierarchical groups-Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras-based on birth and ritual status, imposing strict rules regarding occupation, marriage, and religious rights.Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. While women in the Early Vedic (Rig Vedic) period enjoyed a relatively high status and some access to education, the consolidation of the Varna system in the Later Vedic period led to a significant decline in their position. In this established system, women were generally deprived of the Upanayana (sacred thread ceremony) and were explicitly debarred from studying the Vedas. They were often categorized similarly to Shudras in terms of ritual ineligibility.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The Shudras were the fourth and lowest varna in the hierarchy. According to the normative texts and social conventions of the period, their primary duty was to serve the upper three varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas). They were excluded from performing Vedic sacrifices and studying religious texts.
Key Takeaway: The rigid Varna system of the Later Vedic age was characterized by the exclusion of both women and Shudras from Vedic studies and the relegation of Shudras to the service of the Dvija (twice-born) castes.