Correct Option
The correct option is (c) Both 1 and 2.
Explanation
The Varna system represents the social stratification that became rigid during the Later Vedic period. This hierarchy was theoretically grounded in religious texts and rituals, primarily interpreted and enforced by the priestly class to maintain social order and ritual purity.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The priests (Brahmins) were responsible for codifying and dividing society into four distinct groups called Varnas. They legitimized this hierarchy by claiming it was divinely ordained, often referencing the Purusha Sukta hymn of the Rig Veda, which describes the creation of the four groups from the body of a primeval being.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The third varna was known as the Vish or Vaishyas. This group constituted the common people whose primary obligations were economic production. They were expected to engage in agriculture, cattle-rearing, and trade. Along with Brahmins and Kshatriyas, Vaishyas were considered "dvija" (twice-born) and were entitled to perform Vedic sacrifices.
Key Takeaway: The Vedic social structure was divided into four varnas-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra-a hierarchy established by the priestly class where the Vaishyas served as the primary productive class engaged in agriculture and trade.