The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Insolation (Incoming Solar Radiation) refers to the solar energy received by the Earth's surface. The intensity and amount of insolation vary spatially and temporally due to specific astronomical and atmospheric factors.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The duration of the day (length of daylight) significantly influences the total amount of insolation received. A longer duration of daylight allows the surface to receive solar energy for a more extended period, resulting in higher total insolation. This is a primary reason why summers are warmer than winters in mid-to-high latitudes.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The atmosphere interacts with incoming solar radiation through scattering, reflection, and absorption. A more transparent atmosphere-characterized by less cloud cover, lower water vapor content, and fewer dust particles-allows a greater percentage of solar radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The Earth's rotation on its axis causes the alternation of day and night. This rotation is responsible for the daily variation in insolation, where energy reception peaks around local noon and drops to zero during the night.
Key Takeaway:
The factors affecting the distribution of insolation include the rotation of the Earth, the angle of inclination of the sun’s rays, the duration of the day, the transparency of the atmosphere, and the configuration of land in terms of its aspect.