The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
During the medieval period, particularly under the Delhi Sultanate and early Mughal era, various tribal groups held significant political power and dominated specific geographical regions in the Indian subcontinent. Their influence often preceded or co-existed with centralized imperial rule.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1: Incorrect. The Balochis were a large and powerful tribe found in the North-West of India (modern-day Pakistan), not the southern tip of the peninsula. They were divided into many smaller clans (kulas) under different chiefs. The southern tip of the peninsula was historically dominated by dynasties like the Cholas, Pandyas, and later the Vijayanagara Empire, or tribes like the Maravars and Vetars, but not the Balochis.
- Statement 2: Correct. The Khokhars and Gakkhars were indeed dominant in the Punjab region. The Khokhars were very influential during the 13th and 14th centuries. Later, the Gakkhars became more important; their chief, Kamal Khan Gakkhar, was even made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar.
- Statement 3: Correct. The Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions in Multan and Sind. They held sway over these territories as independent or semi-independent powers before they were eventually subdued by the Mughals.
Key Takeaway:
Regional distribution of medieval tribes:
North-West: Balochis, Gakkhars, Khokhars, Langahs, Arghuns.
Western/Central India: Bhils, Kolis, Gonds.
North-East: Ahoms, Nagas.