The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The Harappan Civilisation possessed a sophisticated transport system that facilitated both internal exchange and long-distance external trade. This system utilized land, riverine, and maritime routes to sustain its urban economy.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: There is substantial archaeological evidence confirming the use of land transport. Terracotta models of bullock carts have been discovered at various Harappan sites, such as Chanhudaro and Banawali. These artifacts indicate that bullock carts were a primary mode of transportation for goods and people over land.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Indus River and its tributaries served as high-volume arteries for communication and transport. Riverine routes were likely used for moving heavy commodities. This is supported by depictions of boats and ships on seals and terracotta amulets found at excavations.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Coastal routes were integral to Harappan foreign trade. Archaeological evidence confirms trade links with the Oman peninsula (identified as Magan in Mesopotamian texts). For example, distinctive Harappan black-slipped jars have been found at Omani sites, and chemical analysis reveals that Omani copper and Harappan copper artifacts share common nickel traces, indicating an exchange relationship.
Key Takeaway: The Harappan transport system was multi-modal, utilizing bullock carts for land travel and advanced navigation technologies for riverine and maritime trade with regions like Mesopotamia and Oman.