Correct Option
The correct option is
1 and 4 only
.Explanation
In archaeology, identifying centers of craft production relies heavily on the analysis of raw materials, tools, unfinished objects, and, most importantly, waste materials. Waste is considered one of the most reliable indicators of manufacturing activity in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Waste is indeed one of the best indicators of craft work. For instance, if shell or stone is cut to make objects, pieces of these materials are discarded as waste at the place of production. Finding these deposits allows archaeologists to identify specific workshops.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: It is observed that larger waste pieces were often recycled or used up to make smaller objects. The assertion that they were "never" recycled contradicts archaeological findings where material efficiency was practiced.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: While larger pieces might be reused or moved, minuscule bits of waste were usually left behind in the work area. Archaeologists often find heaps of this fine waste, which serves as primary evidence for locating craft centers. They were not "always carefully removed."
- Statement 4 is Correct: While small settlements like Chanhudaro were exclusively devoted to craft production, traces of waste indicate that craft production was also undertaken in large urban centers such as Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
Key Takeaway:
Archaeologists identify craft centers primarily through waste analysis. Craft production in the Harappan civilization was not limited to specialized small towns but also occurred within major cities like Mohenjodaro.