Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Global temperature distribution in January is significantly influenced by the apparent movement of the sun to the Southern Hemisphere (winter in the Northern Hemisphere) and the differential heating of land and water. This results in distinct isotherm patterns, particularly the bending of isotherms due to the presence of vast landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: In January, the equatorial oceans receive high insolation. Due to the high specific heat of water and ocean currents, these regions retain heat effectively. The mean monthly temperature in the equatorial oceans is generally recorded to be over 27°C.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Eurasian continental interior experiences the effect of continentality during January. Being far from the moderating influence of the oceans, the land cools rapidly during the winter. Consequently, temperatures drop significantly below the freezing point, typically ranging between -18°C to -48°C, rather than remaining above freezing.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Despite the southward shift of the thermal equator in January, the tropical regions (broadly between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) maintain relatively high temperatures. Climatological data indicates that the mean monthly temperature in the tropics generally remains over 24°C during this period.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: In January, the Northern Hemisphere experiences steep temperature gradients with sub-freezing temperatures in continental interiors (Eurasia), while equatorial oceans and tropical belts retain high mean temperatures (>27°C and >24°C respectively).