The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Sufism represents the mystical dimension of Islam, emphasizing a direct, personal connection with the Divine through spiritual discipline, asceticism, and devotion, often contrasting with the legalistic approach of orthodox theologians.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The core philosophy of Sufism revolves around the concept of Ishq (divine love). Sufis sought a spiritual union with God, often using the metaphor of a lover seeking their beloved. They aimed for Fana (annihilation of the self) to achieve Baqa (subsistence in God), disregarding worldly attachments.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While some Sufi orders (Ba-shara) followed Islamic law, Sufis generally criticized the dogmatic definitions and scholastic methods of the theologians (Ulema). They did not regard the strict observance of rituals and the Shariat as the only path to God; instead, they emphasized the Tariqat (the spiritual path) and inner purity over external conformity.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Sufis extensively used poetry, music (Sama), and fables to express their devotion and mystical experiences. A rich tradition of literature, including the works of poets like Rumi, Amir Khusrau, and Baba Farid, developed to articulate complex spiritual concepts through metaphors and stories.
Key Takeaway:
The Sufi movement prioritized personal devotion, mysticism, and the internal spiritual journey (Tariqat) over the strict, dogmatic observance of religious laws (Shariat) advocated by orthodox theologians.