Correct Option
The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The Great Stupa at Sanchi (Stupa No. 1) is a quintessential example of early Buddhist architecture. Originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka and later expanded during the Shunga and Satavahana periods, it represents the structural evolution of the stupa from a simple earthen mound to a complex stone monument.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The Stupa does not lack a pradakshina patha (circumambulatory path). In fact, the Great Stupa at Sanchi features two such paths: an upper path on the medhi (terrace) accessed by a double staircase, and a lower path at ground level enclosed by a stone balustrade.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Access to the lower circumambulatory path is provided through four monumental gateways, known as Toranas. These are located at the four cardinal points (North, South, East, and West).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. This statement is factually inaccurate regarding the railings. While the four gateways (Toranas) are heavily decorated with exquisite sculptures depicting Jataka tales and events from the Buddha's life, the stone railings (Vedika) of the Great Stupa are plain and unadorned. This stands in contrast to the stupa at Bharhut, where the railings themselves are elaborately carved.
Key Takeaway: The Great Stupa at Sanchi is distinguished by its plain stone railings and richly carved gateways. In contrast, the Bharhut Stupa is known for its elaborately carved railings.