The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The Stupa is a fundamental element of Buddhist architecture, originally developed as a burial mound to house the relics of the Buddha or other revered monks. Over time, it evolved into a complex structure symbolizing the parinirvana of the Buddha. Key components include the anda (hemispherical dome), harmika (square railing on top), chhatra (umbrella), and toranas (gateways).Statement 1 is Correct: The pradakshina patha is a circumambulatory pathway laid around the stupa. It was typically enclosed by a wooden or stone railing known as the vedika. This path allowed devotees to perform ritual circumambulation around the sacred structure.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: In Buddhist tradition, as well as in general Indian religious practices, devotees walk around the sacred object in a clockwise direction (keeping the stupa to their right) as a mark of respect. This practice is known as pradakshina. Walking in an anti-clockwise direction is not the standard ritual practice for veneration.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The entrances to the pradakshina patha were through gateways known as toranas. Contrary to the statement, these gateways were often elaborately carved with sculptures and reliefs depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha and the Jataka tales. The gateways at the Sanchi Stupa are prime examples of such intricate artistic expression.
Key Takeaway: Stupa architecture is characterized by a hemispherical dome surrounded by a pradakshina patha for clockwise circumambulation, often accessed through highly ornate gateways called toranas.