The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The geographical location of India, particularly the presence of the Himalayas in the north and the Indian Ocean in the south, significantly influenced ancient connectivity. The mountain passes in the Northern and North-Eastern Mountains served as gateways for early interaction, trade, and cultural exchange between India and the outside world.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The ancient land routes, often referred to collectively under the "Silk Route" network, were instrumental in the exchange of commodities and ideas. Indian concepts, including the decimal system, Indian numerals, and the philosophies of the Upanishads and Ramayana, reached various parts of the world through these mountain passes.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The influence of Greek sculpture in India is a historically established fact, not a myth. This is most evident in the Gandhara School of Art, which flourished in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It showcases a fusion of Greek artistic techniques (such as realistic modeling and drapery) with Buddhist themes.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Historical geographical analysis indicates that the various passes across the mountains in the north provided passages to ancient travelers long before the seas were extensively explored. The oceans restricted interaction for a long time due to the lack of advanced navigation technology. Therefore, land routes were established and utilized for contact significantly earlier than maritime routes.
Key Takeaway:
The Himalayan passes facilitated the earliest international exchanges of trade and culture (including the decimal system and art forms) long before maritime routes became the dominant mode of connectivity.