The correct option is 2 only.
Explanation
The parliamentary system of government is characterized by a close relationship and interdependence between the legislative and executive organs. Unlike the presidential system, which is based on a strict separation of powers, the parliamentary system relies on the "fusion of powers" and mutual accountability.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
In a parliamentary system, the executive and the legislature are not completely independent of each other. The executive is drawn from the legislature (ministers must be members of Parliament), and the executive stays in power only as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. This interdependence ensures cooperation and coordination between the two organs, rather than strict separation.
Statement 2 is Correct:
There is a system of mutual checks and balances:
- Legislature controls the Executive: The Parliament exercises control over the executive through various devices such as the Question Hour, debates, adjournment motions, and ultimately, the No-Confidence Motion.
- Executive controls the Legislature: The executive (Prime Minister/Cabinet) leads the legislative agenda. Furthermore, the executive has the power to advise the President to dissolve the lower house (Lok Sabha) before its term expires, thereby exercising a significant check on the legislature.
Statement 3 is Incorrect:
The function of the executive is not limited strictly to the implementation of laws. In a parliamentary system, the Cabinet (the real executive) plays a central role in policy formulation. It decides the foreign and domestic policies of the country and drafts the legislative bills that are introduced in the Parliament. Thus, the executive is both a policy-maker and an implementer.
Key Takeaway:
The defining feature of a parliamentary system is the fusion of powers, where the executive is an integral part of the legislature, and both organs exercise control over each other to ensure accountability and stability.