The correct option is 1 and 4 only
Explanation
Bead making was a highly specialized craft in the Indus Valley Civilization, with dedicated workshops found in settlements like Chanhudaro and Lothal. The Harappans utilized a diverse range of raw materials, employing advanced technological processes to shape, polish, and drill beads.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Carnelian is a semi-precious stone characterized by a distinct red colour. In the Harappan context, this red colour was often artificially enhanced or obtained by firing the yellowish raw material and beads at various stages of production.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Steatite (soapstone) is a very soft stone, not a hard one. Its softness allowed craftsmen to work with it easily, carving it into seals and beads. The Harappans also developed a technology to make micro-beads using steatite paste, which would not have been possible if the material were extremely hard and difficult to work with.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Harappan beads exhibited great structural variety. They were not always made of a single solid stone; some beads consisted of two or more stones cemented together, while others were capped with gold. Additionally, beads were made from moulded paste and composite materials, not just solid stone.
- Statement 4 is Correct: Faience is an artificially produced material made by cementing together sand or powdered quartz with a gum and then firing it. It was widely used by the Harappans to manufacture beads, bangles, earrings, and tiny vessels.
Key Takeaway:
The Harappan bead industry was technologically advanced, utilizing materials ranging from soft steatite and artificial faience to hard stones like carnelian and jasper, often employing pyrotechnology to alter colours.