The correct option is (b).
Explanation
The transition from the Early Vedic period (Rig Vedic) to the Later Vedic period marked the shift from
Jana (tribe) to
Janapada (territorial state). This period witnessed significant changes in the nature of kingship, legitimacy, and administration.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. In the Early Vedic period, the Rajan was often selected or approved by the tribal assembly (Samiti). However, by the time of the Janapadas (Later Vedic period), kingship had become largely hereditary. Furthermore, the concept of "universal suffrage" (voting rights for all adults) is a modern democratic principle and did not exist in ancient India. Even in the republican Ganasanghas, power was vested in an oligarchy of Kshatriya families, not the general population.
- Statement 2 is Correct. As the tribal element of kingship weakened, rulers sought legitimacy through rituals rather than popular support. The performance of grand sacrifices like the Ashvamedha (Horse Sacrifice), Rajasuya, and Vajapeya became the defining criteria for a ruler to be recognized as a powerful Raja or Samrat over a Janapada.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. While the Early Vedic tribes relied on voluntary militia (kinsmen), the transition to territorial Janapadas and subsequently Mahajanapadas necessitated a permanent coercive force to collect taxes and defend fixed territories. This period marked the emergence of standing armies (soldiers paid regular salaries), distinguishing the state from the earlier tribal chiefdoms.
Key Takeaway
The
Janapada period represents the
territorialization of power, where kingship became hereditary and validated by
Brahmanical rituals (like Ashvamedha) and military strength, rather than by tribal consensus or election.