The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
During the cold weather season (winter) in India, the weather mechanism is primarily driven by the thermal contrast between the landmass of North India and the surrounding water bodies. According to meteorological principles, lower temperatures over land result in the development of high-pressure systems, while relatively warmer water bodies develop lower pressure.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: During the cold weather season, the northern plains experience low temperatures. Consequently, a weak high-pressure ridge develops over the northwestern part of India, not low pressure. Intense low-pressure conditions characterize the hot weather season (summer), caused by excessive heating of the landmass.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Due to the high-pressure system over the northwestern landmass and the comparatively low-pressure zone over the warmer Indian Ocean (specifically the south), the pressure gradient directs winds from the land towards the sea. Thus, winds blow outwards from the high-pressure zone in the northwest towards the low-pressure zone over the Indian Ocean.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The direction of these surface winds is influenced by the relief of the region. In the Ganga Valley, the winds are generally westerly or northwesterly. As they move down the valley, they eventually become northerly or northeasterly over the Bay of Bengal.
Key Takeaway:
The cold weather season in India is characterized by high pressure over the northern plains and offshore winds blowing from the land (Northwest) towards the sea (Indian Ocean), generally flowing in a northwesterly direction down the Ganga Valley.