The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
The distinction between unitary and federal systems lies in the relationship between the national government and regional governments. In a unitary system, power is centralized, whereas in a federal system, power is divided between the central and state governments by the Constitution.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: In a unitary system, the central government holds supreme authority. The administrative units or state governments, if they exist, derive their authority from the central government. Consequently, the central government is empowered to pass orders to the state governments, and the states act as agents of the centre.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In a federal system, the state government has its own independent existence and powers derived directly from the Constitution. It is not a subordinate agent of the central government. Both levels of government are coordinate and independent within their respective spheres defined by the Constitution.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: In a federal system, there is a dual polity consisting of the Union at the centre and the States at the periphery. Both levels of government are directly elected by the people (in democratic setups) and are separately answerable to the people for the administration of their respective subjects.
Key Takeaway:
In a federal system, the Centre and States are coordinate authorities with constitutionally defined spheres of power, whereas in a unitary system, the States are subordinate to and derive authority from the Centre.