The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Monolithic Temples at Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) are rock-cut shrines created during the reign of the Pallava King Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) in the 7th century AD. They represent a transition from rock-cut cave architecture to structural stone temples.Statement 1 is Correct: These temples are termed "monolithic" because they were sculpted out of a single, massive granite boulder or hillock. The sculptors removed the unwanted rock to reveal the temple structure, rather than assembling separate stones.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The carving technique for monolithic rock-cut temples is distinct from structural construction. While brick or masonry structures are built from the bottom upwards, rock-cut monoliths are invariably carved from the top downwards. This method eliminates the need for scaffolding and prevents falling debris from damaging the finished lower portions of the structure.
Statement 3 is Correct: These monolithic temples are locally and popularly known as Rathas (Chariots). The most famous group is the Pancha Rathas (Five Rathas), named after the Pandavas (Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, Sahadeva) and Draupadi, although they have no historical association with the Mahabharata characters.
Key Takeaway: The Mahabalipuram Rathas are monolithic structures carved from the top downwards, distinct from structural temples which are built from the bottom upwards.