The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
The Mandi School of painting is a significant branch of the Pahari School of miniature painting, which flourished in the Himalayan foothills. It is known for its distinct, robust, and often folk-inspired style, which evolved separately from the more lyrical Kangra style before eventually assimilating it.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct. The rulers of Mandi were devout followers of both Vishnu and Shiva. For instance, Raja Suraj Sen (1637-1664) dedicated his kingdom to Madho Rai (a form of Lord Vishnu), who remained the presiding deity of the state. Conversely, Raja Sidh Sen (1684-1727) was an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva, and many paintings from his era reflect Shaivite themes.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect. The Mandi School did not prohibit Shaivite subjects. In fact, it is renowned for its extensive depiction of Shaivite themes. A famous motif in Mandi painting is the portrayal of the ruler (specifically Raja Sidh Sen) as an incarnation of Shiva or in the company of Shiva. The art is characterized by heavy, robust forms often associated with Tantric and Shaivite iconography.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. It is factually wrong to claim that Mandi was the "only" school that did not follow the Kangra style.
- First, other schools like Basohli maintained distinct styles for long periods.
- Second, and more importantly, the Mandi School did eventually adopt the Kangra style. During the reign of Raja Isvari Sen (1788-1826), artists like Sajnu migrated from Kangra to Mandi, introducing the refined, lyrical Guler-Kangra style, which replaced the earlier robust local idiom.
Key Takeaway
Mandi paintings are historically distinct for their heavy facial features and Shaivite themes (especially under Raja Sidh Sen), but the school later assimilated the Kangra style during the early 19th century.