The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Urban planning and industrial zoning regulations aim to separate incompatible land uses. Industrial activities are generally segregated from residential zones to minimize the impact of pollution, noise, and traffic on the general population.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Factories are typically not located in the middle of dense residential colonies. Industrial units often emit toxic gases, effluents, and noise, which pose significant health hazards to residents. Zoning laws strictly prohibit heavy industries in purely residential areas.
- Statement 2 is Correct. To ensure public safety and environmental management, factories are usually situated in designated industrial areas or zones located on the outskirts of cities or far away from residential centers. Examples include industrial estates like Okhla in Delhi or Peenya in Bengaluru.
- Statement 3 is Correct. Since industrial areas are often concentrated in specific zones away from residential neighborhoods, a large workforce must commute to these locations daily. This often results in crowded transport systems, such as buses and trains, during shift timings.
Key Takeaway:
Industrial zoning segregates factories from residential areas to prevent health hazards and pollution, though this spatial separation often necessitates significant commuting infrastructure for the workforce.