Correct Option
The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The location of the iron and steel industry has historically shifted based on technological advancements and the availability of resources. Before 1800 A.D., the industry operated on a smaller scale and was constrained by the lack of efficient transportation and modern power sources like steam or electricity.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Before 1800 A.D., the iron and steel industry was strictly raw-material oriented. The production process involved smelting iron ore using charcoal (derived from wood). Both iron ore and wood were bulky, heavy, and weight-losing materials. To minimize transportation costs, industries were established in close proximity to forests and iron ore deposits.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The trend of locating steel plants near sea ports is a modern phenomenon that gained prominence after the 1950s. This shift occurred to facilitate the import of raw materials (like coking coal and iron ore) and the export of finished products in a globalized economy. Before 1800 A.D., industries were predominantly inland, near local resource bases.
- Statement 3 is Correct: In the pre-steam engine era, mechanical power was required to operate bellows and hammers for smelting and forging. This power was derived from water wheels. Therefore, locating the industry near rivers or streams with running water was essential to harness hydropower.
Key Takeaway: The locational factors for the iron and steel industry evolved from raw materials and water power (pre-1800) to coalfields (19th century) and finally to coastal locations (post-1950) for logistical efficiency.