The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The interpretation of artifacts from the Indus Valley Civilization is often debated due to the lack of deciphered script. Small conical objects found at various Harappan sites have been subject to differing interpretations by archaeologists, ranging from religious icons to secular gaming pieces.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The conical objects identified as potential "lingas" were not made exclusively of terracotta. They were crafted from a variety of materials, including lapis lazuli, jasper, chalcedony, and other stones, in addition to terracotta. The use of semi-precious stones suggests they held significance, but the material was not limited to baked clay.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Early archaeologists, including John Marshall, classified these conical stones as "lingas," associating them with the worship of Shiva (Proto-Shiva) and fertility cults. This interpretation draws parallels with later Hindu traditions of phallic worship.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Interpretations of Harappan artifacts are not monolithic. Some scholars argue that these small conical stones may not be religious objects at all but rather "gamesmen" or pieces used in board games. Evidence of board games has been found at sites like Mohenjodaro, supporting the possibility of a secular function for these objects.
Key Takeaway:
Harappan artifacts often have multiple interpretations; conical stones found at these sites are viewed by some as religious "lingas" and by others as secular "gamesmen." They were made of various materials, not just terracotta.