Correct Option
The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The net radiation balance is the difference between the incoming solar radiation (insolation) absorbed by the Earth and the outgoing terrestrial radiation emitted back into space. This balance varies significantly with latitude, creating distinct zones of energy surplus and deficit.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The region of surplus net radiation balance (where incoming solar radiation exceeds outgoing terrestrial radiation) is not limited to 10° North and South. The surplus zone extends approximately between 40° North and 40° South latitudes.
- Statement 2 is Correct. In the higher latitudes (poleward of approximately 40°), the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is low, and the duration of daylight varies significantly. Consequently, the outgoing terrestrial radiation exceeds the incoming solar radiation, creating a net radiation deficit in the polar regions.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The latitudinal imbalance between the surplus heat in the tropics and the deficit at the poles creates a thermal gradient. To prevent the tropics from becoming permanently hotter and the poles from becoming permanently colder, this surplus heat is redistributed polewards through atmospheric circulation (planetary winds) and ocean currents.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The Earth maintains a heat balance through the redistribution of energy from the surplus zones (between 40° N and 40° S) to the deficit zones (higher latitudes) via winds and ocean currents.