Correct Option
The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
The Harappan Civilization is chronologically divided into three phases: Early Harappan (formative urbanism), Mature Harappan (full-fledged urbanism), and Late Harappan (post-urban). The Late Harappan phase (c. 1900-1300 BCE) represents the period following the collapse of the integrated urban network of the Indus Valley.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Late Harappan cultures are frequently referred to as "successor cultures" or "sub-Indus cultures." These cultures (such as the Cemetery H culture in Punjab, Jhukar culture in Sindh, and Rangpur culture in Gujarat) succeeded the Mature Harappan phase. They retained some Harappan elements but developed distinct regional characteristics.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Late Harappan phase is characterized by de-urbanization, not urbanization. During this period, the large metropolitan cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were abandoned or significantly depopulated. The centralized administration, long-distance trade, and standardized weights and measures disappeared. The population shifted from urban centers to smaller, scattered rural settlements, and the focus of settlement shifted eastward towards the Ganga-Yamuna doab.
Key Takeaway
Key Takeaway: The Late Harappan phase marks the dissolution of urban institutions and a transition to a localized, rural, and agricultural lifestyle, contrasting sharply with the highly urbanized Mature Harappan phase.