The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Census of India records linguistic data based on "mother tongues" returned by respondents. These returns are rationalized and grouped into "major languages" based on linguistic affinity and speaker strength. While the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution lists 22 specific languages, the Census captures a much wider diversity.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: According to the Census 2011, more than 19,500 raw mother tongue returns were recorded. After linguistic scrutiny and rationalization, these were categorized into 1,369 rationalized mother tongues.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: These 1,369 mother tongues were grouped into 121 major languages (languages spoken by 10,000 or more people), not exactly 22. The figure "22" refers specifically to the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Out of the 121 major languages, 22 are Scheduled Languages and 99 are Non-Scheduled Languages.
- Statement 3 is Correct: In the Census classification, 'Hindi' is treated as a broad language group that subsumes 49 distinct mother tongues. Major regional languages/dialects such as Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, Magadhi, Chhattisgarhi, and Haryanvi are grouped under 'Hindi'.
Key Takeaway:
The Census 2011 recognizes 121 major languages (having 10,000+ speakers). While the Eighth Schedule lists 22 languages, the Census groups many distinct mother tongues (like Bhojpuri and Rajasthani) under the umbrella of Hindi.