The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Magadha was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) that emerged in the 6th century BCE. Its strategic geographical location contributed significantly to its rise as the most powerful empire in ancient India.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The ancient kingdom of Magadha was situated to the south of the river Ganga. To its north lay the territory of the Vajjis (Vrijji confederacy), separated by the Ganga. To the west was the river Son, and to the east was the river Champa.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The territory of the ancient Magadha kingdom corresponds to the modern-day state of Bihar, specifically the districts of Patna, Gaya, and Nalanda. It is not located in Madhya Pradesh. The Mahajanapada of Avanti was located in the region corresponding to modern-day Madhya Pradesh.
Key Takeaway:
Magadha was located in present-day Bihar, south of the river Ganga, with its capital initially at Rajagriha (Rajgir) and later shifted to Pataliputra (Patna).