The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
Kala Bhavana is the Institute of Fine Arts at Visva-Bharati University, Shantiniketan. It is a seminal institution in the history of modern Indian art, representing a shift away from European academic realism towards a distinct Indian modernist idiom known as "Contextual Modernism."
Statement 1 is Correct:
Kala Bhavana was established in 1919. It was founded as the art faculty of the Visva-Bharati University, which was envisioned as a center for learning where the world makes its home in a single nest.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
The institution was conceptualized and established by Rabindranath Tagore, not the British colonial government. Tagore founded it to create an educational system deeply rooted in the immediate environment and Indian traditions, contrasting with the British-established art schools in cities like Calcutta and Bombay that focused on Western academic styles.
Statement 3 is Correct:
While Kala Bhavana was influenced by the Bengal School of Art (led by Abanindranath Tagore), it carved out its own distinct path under the guidance of its first principal, Nandalal Bose. Unlike the Bengal School, which often focused on mythological themes and the wash technique, Kala Bhavana emphasized outdoor study, nature, and the incorporation of folk and tribal elements, leading to a broader and more robust artistic vocabulary.
Key Takeaway:
Kala Bhavana was founded by Rabindranath Tagore in 1919 at Shantiniketan to promote an indigenous yet global art education, distinct from both the British colonial art schools and the earlier Bengal School's stylistic limitations.